University of Sydney has huge a campus in Sydney, Australia and widely known as for its contribution in top notch education and research. The contribution of University of Sydney is not only limited to natural sciences and engineering but it also offers high quality research as well as higher education in bio-medical sciences, social sciences, humanities, psychology, education, architecture etc.

1. Bioinformatics approach to Cryptosporidium identity: database prospects

Summary of Doctoral Project:

Intracellular single-cell parasites of the genus Cryptosporidium infect vertebrates, including humans, worldwide. Cryptosporidiosis is self-limiting disease in healthy hosts but represents a life-threatening problem in immunocompromised individuals for which there is no effective treatment. The diversity of the genus Cryptosporidium is mystifying for many biologists and even more so for non-specialists nevertheless is critical for understanding the epidemiology of the disease. A DNA approach to identity stands on the implicit assumption that the reference databases used for comparison are sufficiently complete and feature rich with annotated entries. However, the uncertain taxonomic reliability and annotations in public DNA repositories (GenBank) form a major obstacle to sequence-based species identification. Finally yet importantly, a huge gap exists between the number of described names and number of identified genotypes. The closure of this gap represents a prime challenge for the decades to come.

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2. Drug Discovery and Medicinal Chemistry for the Central Nervous System

Summary of Doctoral Project:

The Drug Discovery Research Unit is located at the Brain and Mind Research Institute and the School of Chemistry at the University of Sydney. Research is interdisciplinary and built around the key themes of medicinal chemistry and drug discovery. In this domain understanding drug-protein and drug-binding site interactions is a key component which allows us to obtain structure-activity relationships of bioactive CNS molecules and therefore the rational design of more efficacious treatments for diseases of the brain We have an extensive medicinal chemistry program evaluating structure-activity relationships of a number of molecules varying from polycyclic to heterocyclic scaffolds that interact with specific targets we think are involved in brain disease. The purpose of these studies is to identify lead molecules that can be further developed into drug candidates for the treatment of disease. These projects involve the synthesis of a series a compounds that aid in the identification of structural motifs responsible for optimizing activity.

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3. Emerging parasitic disease: epidemiological, diagnostic and experimental approach

Summary of Doctoral Project:

The project Emerging parasitic disease: epidemiological, diagnostic and experimental approach will focus on development and elucidation of the epidemiology of newly or neglected disease in veterinary parasitology including (i) haemo- / tissue- parasites (Atoxoplasma, Babesia) and (ii) gastrointestinal parasites (Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Tritrichomonas). This project aims to elucidate the molecular identity and relationships between different isolates using PCR diagnostic techniques using rDNA and protein coding genes. On the other hand, this study will deliver and validate the PCR diagnostic protocol for epidemiological studies and elucidating the biology of these organisms. This investigation will develop a collection of diagnostic procedures accurately and rapidly identifying the causative parasite. The investigation will be developed with close relationship with clinicians to deliver clinically meaningful applications. The study will further investigate the impact of the diagnosed agents onto the host population to reconstruct the epidemiology of the disease.

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4. Molecular investigations of receptors involved in neurological disorders

Summary of Doctoral Project:

The Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience is located at the Brain and Mind Research Institute (BMRI) in the Camperdown health research precinct. We investigate molecular and biochemical aspects of neural receptors in health and disease. In collaboration with The Ramaciotti Imaging Centre at BMRI we study the interaction between novel biomarkers (drugs and imaging probes) and neuroreceptors using classical molecular biology and protein chemistry approaches coupled with non-invasive imaging technologies that will improve our understanding of disease. Our research covers an exciting and diverse range of fields including molecular cloning, protein expression and detection, photoaffinity chemistry and neuropharmacology. By using molecular imaging techniques within these fields we are able to better understand the living brain through in vivo studies. This area of investigation is fast becoming the preferred method for the study of brain regions and neural pathways affected in substance abuse, neurodegenerative and psychotic disorders as well as the fundamental understanding of receptor-ligand interactions.

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5. History

Summary of Doctoral Project:

Research students have access to the Faculty’s Postgraduate Research Centres, and to the outstanding research collection at the Fisher Library. The department holds regular colloquia, at which staff and visiting academics present up-to-the-minute research findings and scholarly papers.

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6. Amino acid sensing mechanisms in human biology

Summary of Doctoral Project:

We are funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council to study the mechanisms by which amino acid sensing receptors control hormone secretion, appetite and satiety, and cell fate. This offers opportunities for PhD topics in the following areas: determining how protein regulates calcium metabolism, determining how protein regulates body weight via satiety hormones e.g., cholecystokinin, determining how amino acid sensing mechanisms can be used to control cancer.

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7. Medicine use in children with asthma

Summary of Doctoral Project:

This project will use a staged approach. A qualitative phase of the study will involve interviewing parents and carers of children with asthma to explore their perceptions and actual use of asthma medications. The results of this phase will be used to develop a quantitative questionnaire on children’s asthma medication use. This phase of the study will be conducted on a larger scale. The results of this project will be used to develop educational interventions targeted at consumers as well as health care practitioners to facilitate quality use of medicines in children with asthma

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8. RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES IN BIOETHICS

Summary of Doctoral Project:

Associate Professor Newson’s research focuses on the ethical aspects of genetic, genomic and reproductive technologies in human beings; for example the ethics of prenatal screening and testing; newborn screening; population genetic screening and testing; genetic testing in children and those lacking capacity; ethics and next generation genetic sequencing; emerging biotechnologies (e.g. genome editing); ethics and human reproduction (e.g. ethics and assisted reproductive technologies, ethics in pregnancy and birth). She has published widely on these topics in a range of bioethics and science journals. She also has an emerging interest in the concept of personal responsibility and its role in bioethical debate.

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9. Molecular genetics of plant development

Summary of Doctoral Project:

Development and growth of a multicelluar organism from a single cell requires correct temporal and spatial regulation of cellular gene expression. Regulation of gene expression can be achieved by many mechanisms acting at the level of transcription, post-transcription, translation and/or post-translation. We are using molecular genetics to understand how genes and regulation of gene expression control plant development. We focus our research on plant shoot development, in particular on plant shoot meristem function and on leaf development. Plant shoot meristems contain a population of stem cells that enable production of organs such as leaves and flowers. Plant shoot meristems are important for determining the spatial arrangement of leaves and the shape of leaves. Once a leaf is initiated, genes acting within different regions of the young leaf allow further patterning and eventual development of a flat planar organ that is specialized for photosynthesis.

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10. ‘Productive Ageing’ – Ageing and productivity in the workforce

Summary of Doctoral Project:

This program is being conducted as part of the Health and Productivity research program led by Professor Hal Kendig at the University of Sydney node of the ARC Centre of Excellence in Population Ageing Research (CEPAR). Ageing well and productively comprise inter-related work and health dimensions. The broader Health and Productivity research program will examine ways in which health and psycho-social factors influence productive contributions (including workforce participation and care giving) as well as independence, wellbeing, and use of health and community services.

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11. Health Governance, Law and Ethics

Summary of Doctoral Project:

Sydney Law School offers one of the nation’s leading postgraduate programs in health and medical law. Health law provids wide-ranging interdisciplinary coverage of contemporary legal and social issues in health care. The area would be of particular interest to lawyers with a health/professional liability practice, hospital and other health organization administrators, doctors, nurses and other eligible health professionals. An exciting feature of the Health Law is the opportunity for dialogue between the legal and health professions about legal and ethical issues of relevance to both practice and administration.

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12. Political Economy

Summary of Doctoral Project:

Political Economy asserts that economic processes do not take place in isolation from social and political processes. Political economy studies the dynamics of globalisation and the implications for national economic policy; the concentration of economic activity, wealth and opportunities; the trade-offs between health, education and equity; the free market arguments; environmental sustainability; the decline and development of regional economies; and debates over development and economic rights. Political Economy publishes the highly regarded Journal of Australian Political Economy and attracts significant research funding from ARC and other sources. Research and publication is concentrated on non-neoclassical economic theory, Australian economic and social policy, international trade and development, the nature of work, urbanisation and regional development, and global integration.

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13. International Law

Summary of Doctoral Project:

Current focus areas for academics in International Law are: – Human Rights Law – Migration, Citizenship, and Refugee Law- Human Rights & Corporate Responsibility- Private International Law- International Criminal Law- World Trade Organisation- World Bank- International Monetary Fund- Public International Law- Comparative and Transnational Contract Law- International Arbitration and Corporate Governance- Terrorism- Use of Armed Force- The United Nations- International Courts & Tribunals- International Environmental Law- Law of the Sea- International Trade Law

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14. Bioethics

Summary of Doctoral Project:

Are you interested in the interaction between advances in biotechnology and society, or the complex relationship between morality, mental health and the law? Do you want to explore issues around euthanasia and end-of life-care, human and animal research ethics, stem cell research and cloning, or doctor-patient relationships?

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15. Interdisciplinary sleep health research

Summary of Doctoral Project:

The NHMRC Centre for Clinical Research Excellence for Interdisciplinary Sleep Health is based at a network of hospitals and research institutes in Sydney and funded by the NHMRC for five (5) years to support clinical research training and research translation in the fields of interdisciplinary sleep medicine. Fields of research will broadly encompass metabolic health and sleep disorders; neurobehavioural and neurobiological interactions with sleep health; increasing effectiveness of treatments for sleep disorders, and new biomarkers of sleep health.

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16. The interaction of chronic kidney disease and cancer

Summary of Doctoral Project:

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is an important health problem, with increasing prevalence as the population ages. End stage kidney disease requires treatment with dialysis or transplantation, both associated with considerable morbidity and health costs, and people with ESKD have reduced life expectancy. Chronic diseases are often not independent of each other. ESKD is associated with increased risk of cancer at most sites. A major cause of ESKD is diabetic nephropathy, and post transplant immunosuppression is associated with increased risk of new onset diabetes. CKD is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Several projects are being undertaken to investigate incidence, survival, screening, staging and treatment of cancer in the context of chronic kidney disease. There are also a range of planned projects focussed on examining the way tests perform in the ESKD population, to better appreciate how cancer screening might benefit people with ESKD, and how well tests for cardiovascular disease identify those at high risk of cardiac events.

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17. Research opportunities in osteoarthritis

Summary of Doctoral Project:

In his current work Professor Hunter is investigating a number of key elements in osteoarthritis including (but not limited to) the epidemiology of osteoarthritis, genetic epidemiology of osteoarthritis, the role of biomarkers in understanding OA aetiopathogenesis, the application of imaging to better understand structure and function with application to both epidemiologic research and clinical trials, the application of novel therapies in disease management and health service system delivery of chronic disease management.

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18. Improving treatments in childhood apraxia of speech

Summary of Doctoral Project:

Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is an area of research and clinical expertise of the speech pathology team at the University of Sydney. Over the past 7 years we have developed a new treatment, Rapid Syllable Transition Training (or ReST) and proven that both ReST and the Nuffield programme can be used effectively with children with CAS. We are also conducting trials to make ReST more effective and to make an electronic version of Nuffield. The current opportunities for research include comparing ReST to Integrated Phonological Awareness therapy by Gillon and colleagues in New Zealand; comparing Nuffield program with Dynamic Tactile and Temporal Cueing from Strand and collegues; comparing ReST intervention with ultrasound biofeedback (Preston); and comparing face to face CAS treatment with therapy delivered by skype. There are also some more experimental or basic science questions to be answered in CAS including what are the perceptual boundaries of syllable segregation and/or lexical stress correctness. Projects in these areas could suit psychology, linguistics or acoustics researchers.

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19. Machine Learning Algorithms to Detect Learning Tactics

Summary of Doctoral Project:

Electronic tools that support learners provide a wealth of data about the interactions occurring in a learning environment. This data can be analysed using machine learning algorithms to detect patterns that suggest learning tactics. The detection and analysis of these patterns offer additional insight on the learning process and provide opportunities for the creation of personalized learning environments.

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20. Contemporary Art

Summary of Doctoral Project:

Contemporary Art research at SCA provides artists the opportunity to develop a specific area of interest into a substantial body of work, and to articulate their practice within a broader art historical, theoretical and philosophical context. Through sustained, rigorous investigation, artists undertaking a research degree make a significant contribution to our understanding of contemporary visual art. A research degree requires in-depth study in a specialised area, supervised by a member of SCA’s academic staff. This research takes the form of a major thesis. SCA offers two modes of research: a traditional written thesis, or a thesis comprising a substantial exhibition and a written thesis.

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21. CONNECTING NUTRITIONAL GEOMETRY WITH SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Summary of Doctoral Project:

The project will deal with connecting nutritional geometry principles developed by Profs Stephen Simpson and David Raubenheimer at the Charles Perkins Centre of the University of Sydney with sustainable development goals. The idea is to source, process and analyse food- and sustainability-related data, with the aim to portray and graph food items, meals and diets in the traditional nutritional geometry triangle, against proxy indicators for sustainable development goals. This novel way of connecting nutrition and sustainability will allow identifying win-wins and trade-offs when developing food- and nutrition-related sustainability policies.

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22. NHMRC Translational Australian Clinical Toxicology (TACT) Program

Summary of Doctoral Project:

A range of PhD research project opportunities in human toxicology exist within the TACT program. We are looking for talented and motivated doctoral candidates, with or without a primary scholarship, who are not afraid of a challenge. You may have a research idea of your own or you may like to take up one of the topics currently being investigated by TACT. While TACT does not normally provide full scholarship funding, a top-up scholarship opportunity exists within the TACT program for candidates with a primary scholarship.

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23. Novel therapies for preventing kidney failure in chronic kidney disease

Summary of Doctoral Project:

Kidney fibrosis is a key process driving progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) toward end stage kidney disease (ESKD), yet to date there is no established treatment specifically preventing kidney fibrosis. In Australia currently almost 21,000 patients with ESKD require expensive life-long dialysis or a kidney transplant to stay alive. TGF-β has long been identified as the most important cytokine causing fibrosis in all inflammatory diseases. However, inhibition of TGF-β will also suppress its anti-inflammatory and wound healing functions, a controversy for decades in treatment of fibro-inflammatory diseases of all organs. Our lab was the first to show that β-catenin can be targeted specifically to separate TGF-β’s profibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects (published in J Cell Sci) and our recent research provide strong evidence that Foxo/β-catenin is the pivotal target to dissect “wanted” from “unwanted” effects of TGF-β in fibro-inflammatory diseases such as CKD. The hypotheses will be examined in our established in vitro and in vivo models of inflammation and fibrosis and in human kidney biopsy specimens, using robust techniques including T cell fate mapping, CRISPRcase9 gene editing and Cre-lox mediated conditional knockout.

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24. Koala Health Hub, Koala Infectious Diseases Research Group

Summary of Doctoral Project:

We are seeking expressions of interest in our PhD program or development of postdoctoral opportunities. Koala numbers have been in severe decline for many years and in most states the species’ status is listed as “vulnerable”, based on a dramatic reduction in koala numbers over the past 5-10 years, over most of its range. The threat facing koala populations today is complex and based on numerous challenges including; habitat loss, widespread and serious disease, urbanization, domestic dog attacks, motor vehicle collisions, and climatic extremes. Without assistance to overcome these issues, the long-term outlook for koalas in Australia is bleak. The Koala Health Hub connects researchers in pathology, ecology, pharmacology, microbiology, immunology, genetics and the social sciences with those on the coalface of koala care and management; in koala hospitals and in the wild, so that research can better inform management, and so managers can better direct research, to find the answers they need.

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25. Immune fitness as a measure of animal welfare

Summary of Doctoral Project:

Animals have long been bred to encourage the inheritance of production traits that enable high-yield. This has minimised recognition of the potential impacts on the health of the animal and has often been associated with compromised health outcomes. Currently there is poor understanding of the overall immunological ‘fitness’ of production animals and basic questions remain unanswered: what is the physiological basis that enables some animals to cope with production stresses and what is an effective measure of the immune component? Conversely, what immune measures are correlated to or indicative of an animal at risk of poor performance? Immunocompetence or immune fitness has genetic, nutritional and environmental basis and an epigenetic influence through the gut microbiome. Overall, it determines the ability of an individual animal to surmount pathogens (resistance) and cope with their effects (resilience).

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26. Total Synthesis of Plant Growth Promoters

Summary of Doctoral Project:

Plants, including important food crops such as wheat and rice, form symbiotic relationships with fungi which allows for nutrient transfer. Critical to this symbiotic relationship is a family of molecules called strigolactones. If agricultural scientists could access plant-specific strigolactones, they could ensure that only target crops uptake soil nutrients. This PhD project will entail the synthesis of all canonical strigolactones based on a late stage C-H activation strategy. This will enable our collaborators in plant science to identify key strigolactones and enable us to design next generation agrichemicals. for further information see:1. Accessing Single Enantiomer Strigolactones: Progress and Opportunities. Liam J. Bromhead and Christopher S. P. McErlean Eur. J. Org. Chem. (2017) DOI:10.1002/ejoc.201700865.2. Synthesis of highly enantio-enriched stereoisomers of hydroxy-GR24. Joanne C. Morris and Christopher S. P. McErlean, Org. Biomol. Chem. (2016) 14, 1236–1238.3. Chemistry of the synthetic strigolactone mimic GR24. Liam J. Bromhead, Jason Smith, and Christopher S. P. McErlean, Aus. J. Chem. (2015) 68, 1221–1227.4. Enantioselective synthesis of the strigolactone mimic (+)-GR24. Bromhead, Liam; Visser, Johan; McErlean, Christopher S. P., J. Org. Chem. (2014) 79, 1516–1520.

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