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Cytosol Definition

The liquid element of the cytoplasm surrounds the organelles and other insoluble cytoplasmic entities where a variety of cell functions take place in an intact cell.

What is Cytosol?

All living things are made up of cells, which are structural, functional, and biological entities. It is a protoplasm-containing membrane-bound structure. The protoplasm is the cell’s fluid life substance. In certain areas, the terms protoplasm and cytoplasm are interchangeable.

The nucleoplasm is mucked up with the protoplasm under certain sources. In a stricter sense, protoplasm is made up mostly of cytoplasm and nucleoplasm. The protoplasmic contents between the cellular membranes as well as the nuclear envelope appear to constitute the cytoplasm.

The fluid part of the cytoplasm is designated the cytosol. It’s the liquid matrix that encircles the cell’s organelles.

Features of Cytosol

In an intact cell, the cytosol is the watery component of the cytoplasm. This combination is made up of water, organic molecules, and dissolved ions. Water accounts for the vast majority of the cytosol component, contributing for around 70% of the totality. The most abundant ions identified in mammalian cytosol are potassium, sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, amino acids in proteins, magnesium, and calcium.

The cytosol has a higher potassium ion concentration than the extracellular fluid. Protein molecules not linked to the cell membrane or the cytoskeleton are among the macromolecules dissolved in the cytosol.

Intracellular Fluid

The internal fluid within the cell is referred to as intracellular fluid (s). In humans, internal fluid (67 percent) and extracellular fluid (33 percent) make up the majority of the total body water (26.5 percent). Water-dissolved ions, as well as other molecules, make up the intracellular fluid.

The cytosol (s) of the cell makes up the intracellular fluid. The intracellular fluid includes more charged macromolecules than the extracellular fluid, which is the body fluid outside the cells.

Biological Reactions

A number of metabolites involved in various metabolic processes can be found in the cytosol. Many metabolic processes in eukaryotes take place inside organelles, while other stages take place in the cytoplasm.

In the cytosol, for example, glycolysis, the first stage in cellular respiration, takes place. Inside the mitochondrion, further processes, such as redox reactions, take place. Because prokaryotes lack organelles, most metabolic processes take place in the cytoplasm.

Cell signalling, such as calcium signalling, takes place in the cytosol. A hormone, for example, causes a cell’s calcium channels to open, allowing calcium ions to enter. The activation of additional signalling molecules, such as calmodulin and protein kinase C, is triggered by the inflow of calcium ions.

Osmoregulation is the process of controlling water potential within a cell or organism in order to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance in relation to the environment. The ions in the cytosol are controlled to maintain the appropriate ion concentrations.

In the cytosol, for example, there are more potassium ions and less sodium ions than in the blood. Organisms rely on osmoregulation to maintain a consistent, optimum osmotic pressure within their bodies or cells. It’s the process through which an organism keeps the right balance of solutes and water in its bodily fluids.

The cytosol contains osmoprotectants, such as trehalose, that help the cell survive if it becomes totally dry. Desiccation causes the osmoprotectants and cytosol to transform into a glass-like solid, which helps to stabilise the cell membrane and proteins.

Cytosol Function

The cytosol is where the body’s chemical activities take place. In prokaryotes, it is where the majority of metabolic activities take effect (others occur in the cell membrane). In eukaryotes, it is where organelles and other cytoplasmic components are suspended.

Because it includes dissolved ions, the cytosol is fundamental in osmoregulation and cell signalling. In endocrine, neuronal, and muscle cells, it is also involved in the generation of action potentials.

Cytosol FAQ

The term cytosol is derived from the words cyto– (cell) + solution. Hyaloplasm, cytoplasmic matrix, groundplasm and intracellular fluid (ICF) are synonyms.


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Cytosol Citations
  • Versatility of Preprotein Transfer from the Cytosol to Mitochondria. Trends Cell Biol . 2019 Jul;29(7):534-548.
  • Mitochondria-cytosol-nucleus crosstalk: learning from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res . 2018 Dec 1;18(8):foy088.
  • From cytosol to mitochondria: the beginning of a protein journey. Biol Chem . 2020 May 26;401(6-7):645-661.
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